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Alexander Kiruthiga ¹, Kesavaram Padmavathy ¹, Praveen Shabana ², Sumathi Gnanadesikan ³, Jeevan Malaiyan ³, T. Shoba ⁴

Affiliations
1 Department of Microbiology, Research Laboratory for Oral and Systemic Health, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, BIHER, Chennai, IN
2 Department of Laboratory Medicine, Meitra Hospital, Calicut, IN
3 Department of Microbiology, Sri Muthukumaran Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Chennai, IN
4 Department of General Pathology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, BIHER, Chennai, IN

Abstract

Fosfomycin, a broad spectrumbactericidal agent had been recommended by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections. However, studies on the susceptibility rate of Enterococcus faecalis against fosfomycin are inadequate. Hence, this study was aimed to determine the invitro susceptibility to fosfomycinamong urinary E. faecalis. A total of about 70 non-repetitive isolates of Enterococcus faecalis isolated from the urine samples were included in the study. Susceptibility to fosfomycin, linezolid, teicoplanin, high level gentamicin, high level streptomycin was determined by Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. Preliminary screening to minimum inhibitory concentration of high level aminoglycosides was assessed by agar dilution method. Vancomycin resistance was detected by agar screening method and further confirmed with e-test and interpreted as per CLSI guidelines. Our results indicate, increased susceptibility to teicoplanin (98.57%) followed by fosfomycin (95.71%) and linezolid (68.57%). Of note, none of the isolates were resistant to vancomycin. Of the 70 E. faecalis isolates screened, 61.43% isolates exhibited HLG^R phenotype) and 37.14% exhibited HLS^R phenotype. HLG^RHLS^R phenotype was observed among 32.9% of the isolates. MIC of gentamicin and streptomycin was found to be ≥512μg/ mL (HLGR isolates) and ≥2000μg/mL (HLSR isolates) respectively. 91.3% of our HLAR isolates (93% HLGR, 92.3% HLSR) were susceptible to fosfomycin. Hence, it could be speculated that fosfomycin can be considered in the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections caused by high level aminoglycoside/ linezolid resistant/glycopeptide resistant E.faecalis.

Keywords

Enterococcus Faecalis, Fosfomycin, HLGR, HLSR.

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Kesavaram Padmavathy ¹, K. Vijaya Ramesh ²

Affiliations
1 Dept of Microbiology, Research Laboratory for Oral and Systemic Health, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education & Research (BIHER), IN
2 Dept of Botany, Quaid-e-Millath Government Arts College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

Eleusinecoracanal (seed)(finger millet bran)is rich in dietary fibre (free of glutan) and micronutrients and has been extensively studied for its anti-diabetic, anti-tumorogenic, anti-diarrheal, anti-ulcerative, anti-oxidant and anti-microbial potential. However, the immuno-modulatory potential and mast cell membrane stabilizing ability of E. coracana L (Ragi seeds) needs to be evaluated. Hence, this study was designed to evaluate the ability of ethanol extract of E. coracana L. to potentiate immunomodulation and inhibit mast cell degranulation of human macrophages and mice peritoneal mast cells respectively. Ethanol extraction of E. coracana L (Ragi seeds) was performed by cold percolation method. Assessment of In vitro immunomodulatory activity was carried out using human PMN layer, Candida albicans and morphological criteria was adopted to calculate the phagocytic index. In vitroevaluation of inhibition of mast cell degranulation was determined using isolated mice peritoneal mast cells. In vitro evaluation of phagocytosis revealed that ethanol extract of E. corocana L. (seed) induced vacuolation of human macrophages. Nevertheless, E. corocana L (seed, ethanol extract) (25 mg/mL) was found to inhibit polysorbate 80 induced mast cell degranulation.

Keywords

Eleusinecoracanal, Macrophages, Ethanol.

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Mariachelliah Singarayan Jaish Lal ¹, Sathiasekar Anisha Cynthia ², Mathew Deepu George ², Ramachandran Krishnammal Leema ³, Kesavaram Padmavathy ¹, Kangasabapathy Usha Gomakumar ⁴

Affiliations
1 Dept of Microbiology, Research Laboratory for Oral and Systemic Health, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education & Research (BIHER), Chennai, IN
2 Dept of Oral and maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, Rajas Dental College and Hospital, Kavalkinaru, Tirunelveli District, IN
3 CRRI, Rajas Dental College and Hospital, Kavalkinaru, Tirunelveli District, IN
4 Dept of Oral and maxillofacial Pathology and Microbiology, Rajas Dental College and Hospital, Kavalkinaru, Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

Fixed orthodontic appliances made of metal alloys are routinely used in dental practise to correct malocclusion. Oral environment favours the biodegradation of metal alloys. The discharged metal ions accumulate cumulatively on the adjacent tissues and results in toxic effects on cellular metabolism and DNA stability. The study was designed to evaluate localized genetic and cytokinetic toxicity due to fixed orthodontic appliance by measuring micronuclei frequency and other nuclear abnormalities in the buccal mucosal cells. Subjects with orthodontic appliance were selected as exposure cohort (n=20) and subjects without orthodontic appliance were selected as comparative cohort (n=20). Buccal smears were collected and DNA specific feulgen stain was used. Micronuclei, nuclear bud and binucleate cells frequency were recorded and compared between the study groups. We found a significant increase in the frequency of cells with micronuclei (p<0.001) and binucleate cells(p=0.002) in the exposure cohort compared to controls. The increase in the indicators of genotoxicity and cytokinetic toxicity in the exposed cohort compared to controls could be attributed to the exposure to the metal ions released from long term orthodontic appliance treatment. Increase in binucleate cells in subjects with fixed orthodontic appliance was demonstrated for the first time in our study. The cellular changes due to toxicity could be the predisposing factor for the occurrence of immune mediated oral mucosal lesions in orthodontic patients.

Keywords

Micronuclei, Nuclear Bud, Binucleate Cells, Metal Ions, Fixed Orthodontic Appliances.

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A. Arif Yezdani ¹, S. Kishore Kumar ¹, Kesavaram Padmavathy ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

Knowledge of timing and duration of the adolescent growth spurt is essential to treat skeletal jaw discrepancies in the growing child. The purpose of this review of literature was to evaluate the validity and reliability of the maturational stages of the cervical vertebrae C2, C3 & C4 as seen on lateral cephalograms in the prediction of peak pubertal growth spurt.Literature review purported that cervical vertebral maturity indicators were effective in assessing the circumpubertal growth spurt. The drawbacks of this method of assessment was that it evaluated the skeletal maturity at one point of time and that it failed to pinpoint the peak in mandibular growth. It also did not specify the intensity and amount of residual growth left,factors deemed importantfor implementing orthopedic therapy.

Keywords

Lateral Cephalograms, Cervical Vertebrae, Adolescent Growth Spurt, Mandibular Growth, Dentofacial Orthopedics.

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Bhaskaran Sathyapriya ¹, Govindarajan Sumathy ¹, Balasubramanian Chandrakala ¹, Jinu Merlin Koshy ², Jayamathi Govindaraj ³, Kesavaram Padmavathy ⁴

Affiliations
1 Sree Balaji Dental College & Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 Department of Anatomy, Sree Balaji Dental College & Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN
3 Department of Biochemistry, Sree Balaji Dental College & Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN
4 Department of Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College & Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

Xylene is a colorless liquid with the molecular formula C8H10. A flammable, non-explosive aromatic hydrocarbon, xylene consists of a benzene ring with two attached methyl groups. Xylene occurs naturally in petroleum and small amounts occur in gasoline and jet fuel. It is used in paints, inks, glues and other products. The population at large is expected to be exposed primarily to mixed xylenes, rather than to any of the xylene isomers individually. The general population can be exposed to xylene via inhalation of indoor and workplace air, automobile exhaust, tobacco smoke, xylene-containing solvents, ingestion of contaminated drinking water, and dermal absorption of xylene containing products. Xylene is released primarily from industrial sources. The existence of hazards in the workplace has raised concerns about the potential of these substances for adverse effects.

Keywords

Xylene, Dyspnoea, Occupational.

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Govindarajan Sumathy ¹, Bhaskaran Sathyapriya ¹, Balasubramanian Chandrakala ¹, Jinu Merlin Koshy ², Jayamathi Govindaraj ³, Kesavaram Padmavathy ⁴

Affiliations
1 Sree Balaji Dental College & Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 Department of Anatomy, Sree Balaji Dental College & Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN
3 Department of Biochemistry, Sree Balaji Dental College & Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN
4 Department of Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College & Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

Xylene is an aromatic hydrocarbon known for its wide usage in tissue processing, staining and cover slipping in the histology laboratory. The hazards of xylene are well documented, making it a potential occupational hazard for the histopathological technicians. As every other profession became cautious of the occupational hazards, the very speciality that identifies the illnesses became one of the last to become aware and remedy its own hazards. This article aims to discuss the toxicity of xylene and safety measures to counteract the hazards of xylene.

Keywords

Toxicity of Xylene, Xylene Substitutes, Xylene.

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Thirunavukkarasu Umaarasu ¹, Kesavaram Padmavathy ¹, Dharmalingam Thirunavukkarasu ², Jayamathi Govindaraj ³, S. V. Rajesh ⁴, Gnanendra Shanmugam ⁵

Affiliations
1 Department of Microbiology, Research Laboratory for Oral & Systemic Health, Sree Balaji Dental College & Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education & Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 Department of Microbiology, Government Mohan Kumaramangalam Medical College, Salem, Tamil Nadu, IN
3 Department of Botany, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekanandha College, Mylapore, Chennai, Tamilnadu, IN
4 Department of Biochemistry, Sree Balaji Dental College & Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education & Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu,, IN
5 Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, KP

Abstract

With the emergence of multidrug resistance among clinical bacterial pathogens there is a growing need for the development of herbal alternatives for the effective therapeutic management of bacterial infections. Plants and plants products have long been used in traditional folk medicine worldwide. Hence this study was designed to test the antimicrobial efficacy of Withania somnifera L. Dunal. (ischolar_main) against drug resistant bacterial pathogens. Extracts of W. somnifera (L.) Dunal (ischolar_main) was prepared by cold percolation method. Antimicrobial activity of different solvent extracts of W. somnifera (L.) Dunal. (ischolar_main) was studied against drug-resistant clinical isolates of Gram-positive cocci (vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacilli (ESBL Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The standard strains of ATCC 25922 E. coli, ATCC 25923 S. aureus, ATCC 27853 P. aeruginosa, and ATCC 29212 E. faecalis were used as controls. Antibacterial activities of extracts were evaluated using agar well diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration was determined by microbroth dilution method. All the extracts (methanol, ethanol, acetone and chloroform) were inhibitory to gram positive bacteria tested. Nevertheless,inhibitory effect waspronounced in the methanol and ethanol extract, against gram negative bacteria (Both ATCC and clinical strains).Further based on the phytochemical and GC-MS analysis, it could be speculated that the antibacterial activity exhibited by the methanol extract of W. somnifera ischolar_main could be attributed to the presence of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, steroids and terpenes.

Keywords

Antibacterial Efficacy, ESBL, E. coli, Withania somnifera, MRSA, VRE, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

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Kesavaram Padmavathy ¹, Raja Shanmuga Krishnan ², Krishnan Padma ³, Bhaskaran Sathyapriya ⁴

Affiliations
1 Department of Microbiology, Research Laboratory for Oral & Systemic Health, Sree Balaji Dental College & Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education & Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 Ganga Hospital, Coimbatore,Tamil Nadu, IN
3 Department of Microbiology, Dr. ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN
4 Department of Anatomy, Sree Balaji Dental College & Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education & Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

Diabetic Foot ulceration is one of the major devastating complication of diabetes. Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) infected with multidrug resistant bacterial strains is often associated with prolonged hospital stay, increased treatment cost, significant morbidity and mortality. DFU infected with Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) if untreated may lead to amputation.

Materials & Method: Type 2 diabetic Subjects (Mean age 56 years)(n=27) with infected foot ulcers were included in his study.After wound debridement, samples were taken from the base of the ulcer using sterile cotton swabs and nasal swabs were also collected from the study subjects and were processed as per standard Microbiological methods.

Results: The overall isolation rate of S. aureus in DFU was 18.5%. Among the S. aureus isolates screened for MRSA, all the isolates from the DFU ulcers (n=4) and those isolated from the nares (n=3) of the diabetic subjects were found to be MRSA.Of note, 3 of the study subjects in whom MRSA was isolated from the DFU samples were found to harbour MRSA in their nares. Nevertheless, allthe isolateswere susceptible to linezolid, netillin, gentamicin and amikacin.No significant statistical difference was observed in the antimicrobial resistance percentage among the DFU and nasal isolates.

Conclusion: Our study results imply that, screening for MRSA colonisation would better predict a patient’s probability of MRSA infection and guide the clinicians in antimicrobial treatment decision making.

Keywords

Diabetic Foot, MRSA, Methicillin.

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A. Arif Yezdani ¹, Priya Chatterjee ¹, S. Kishore Kumar ¹, Kesavaram Padmavathy ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 Department of Microbiology, Research Laboratory for Oral-Systemic Health, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

Introduction: This case report describes the treatment of a Class II skeletal malocclusion with a prognathic maxilla and retrognathic mandible with severely proclined maxillary incisors and lingually blocked mandibular right lateral incisor withentire maxillary arch distalization and use ofinfra-zygomatic crest bone screws devoid of extraction of premolars.

Method: Treatment involved strap-up of a pre-adjusted edgewise appliance, MBT technique (0.022 X 0.028 - inch slot). A non-extraction approach was recommended despite the case warranted premolar extractions. Infra-zygomatic bone screws of length 14mm and diameter 2mm was used for the distalization of the entire maxillary arch. The case was assessed at start of orthodontic treatment (T1) and end of orthodontic treatment (T2).

Results: At T2, the severe pre-maxillary prognathism and mandibular anterior crowding with lingually locked right lateral incisor was corrected with the canines and molars finished in Class I relationship. Normal overbite and overjet with a pleasing soft tissue profile was satisfactorily achieved.

Conclusion: Infra-zygomatic bone screws can be effectively used as absolute skeletal anchorage to correct Class II skeletal discrepancy with maxillary prognathism and severe proclination of maxillary incisorsdevoid of premolar extractions.

Keywords

Infra-Zygomatic Bone Screw, Skeletal Class Ii Discrepancy, Maxillary Arch Distalization, Skeletal Anchorage.

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A. Arif Yezdani ¹, Prashanth Sreenivasan ¹, R. Padmavati ¹, S. Kishore Kumar ¹, Kesavaram Padmavathy ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, BIHER, Chennai, IN
2 Department of Microbiology, Research Laboratory for Oral-Systemic Health, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, BIHER, Chennai, IN

Abstract

Introduction: This case report describes the treatment of a skeletal Class II malocclusion with an orthognathic maxilla and retrognathic mandible with severely proclined maxillary incisors, imbricated mandibular incisors, deep bite, convex profile and horizontal mandibular growth pattern treated with the Herbst appliance.

Method: Visual treatment objective was initially done to confirm the effectiveness of the use of a functional appliance. Treatment involved the use of a fixedfunctional appliance namely, Herbst appliance to advance the mandible forwards. The case was assessed at T1 and T2 of the initial orthopedic phase of treatment.

Results: At T2, the retrognathism of the mandible was adequately addressed and the facial convexity reduced dramatically. The molars attained a Class I relation and the facial soft tissue profile improved drastically with elimination of lower lip trap.

Conclusion: Functional retrusion of the mandible can be effectively treated in the pubertal period of growth spurt with the judicious use of a fixed functional bite jumping appliance such as the Herbst.

Keywords

Pubertal Growth Spurt, Skeletal Class II Jaw Discrepancy, Retrognathic Mandible, Herbst Appliance.

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A. Arif Yezdani ¹, S. Kishore Kumar ², Kesavaram Padmavathy ³

Affiliations
1 Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN
3 Department of Microbiology, Research Laboratory for Oral-Systemic Health, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

In orthodontic treatment planning decisions assessment of growth status plays a vital role and that the adolescent growth spurt is considered an ideal time to mete out growth modification therapy. Various radiologic and non-radiologic skeletal maturity indicators have been in use with its attendant advantages and disadvantages. Insulin like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) is one such non-radiologic biomarker that could be used to estimate the amount of available growth present to help treat jaw discrepancies in the circumpubertal period of growth as the mean levels of it has been reported to be high during cicumpubertal growth. Internationally peer reviewed and valid indexed reference articles pertaining to IGF-1 and its predictive usefulness in estimating the peak pubertal growth spurt used alone or in combination with the other radiologic skeletal maturity indicators was segregated and diligently perused. Information gleaned from the literature review revealed that IGF-1 was indeed effective in assessing the circumpubertal growth spurt. It had a high correlation with the cervical stages C3 and C4 as seen on lateral cephalograms as also with the stages pertaining to peak pubertal growth as seen on handwrist radiographs and middle phalanx 3 (MP3) on periapical x-rays. IGF-1 was an effective and alternative biomarker for estimation of peak pubertal growth spurt used alone or in combination with the other radiologic biomarkers.

Keywords

Insulin Like Growth Factor-1, Growth Hormone, Pubertal Growth Spurt, Skeletal Maturation.

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